About this episode
Most brain decline, mood instability, and impulsive behavior start with a breakdown in how the brain’s immune cells produce and use energy. This episode shows how mitochondrial health inside microglia influences cognition, emotion, and long-term brain resilience, and how everyday inputs quietly push those systems toward damage or repair. Watch this episode on YouTube for the full video experience: https://www.youtube.com/@DaveAspreyBPR Host Dave Asprey is joined by Dr. David Perlmutter, a board-certified neurologist and six-time New York Times bestselling author whose work focuses on the intersection of neurology, nutrition, metabolism, and brain health. A Fellow of the American College of Nutrition and member of the Editorial Board of the Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, Dr. Perlmutter brings decades of clinical and research experience to this conversation on how inflammation and mitochondrial function shape the brain across the lifespan. Together, they explore how microglial cells shift their behavior based on metabolic conditions, and how those shifts influence neurodegeneration, emotional regulation, impulse control, and cognitive performance. The discussion covers real-world inputs that shape these systems, including sleep optimization, fasting, ketosis, glucose regulation, gut signaling, environmental toxins, and tools referenced in the episode such as red and infrared light, 40 Hz light and sound, hyperbaric oxygen, lithium, nicotine, supplements, nootropics, GLP-1 agonists, and dietary approaches like carnivore and ketosis. The conversation connects brain biology to lived experience, showing how metabolism influences behavior, decision making, and long-term human performance through a Smarter Not Harder lens. You’ll Learn: • How microglia shift between supportive and destructive states and why metabolism drives that change • How mitochondrial function inside immune cells influences inflammation and brain resilience • How inflammation affects the prefrontal cortex, impulse control, and reward-driven behavior • What the episode says about GLP-1 agonists and behavior changes like reduced cravings and gambling • How gut-derived signaling and short-chain fatty acid balance (butyrate vs propionate) relates to brain function • How tools like red and infrared light, hyperbaric oxygen, and 40 Hz light and sound connect to microglia • The lifestyle levers discussed in the episode: sleep optimization, fasting, ketosis, glucose control, and toxin reduction • The compounds mentioned, including lithium, nicotine, urolithin A, CoQ10, rosmarinic acid, and dihydromyricetin Dave Asprey is a four time New York Times bestselling author, founder of Bulletproof Coffee, and the father of biohacking. With over 1,000 interviews and 1 million monthly listeners, The Human Upgrade is the top podcast for people who want to take control of their biology, extend their longevity, and optimize every system in the body and mind. Each episode features cutting edge insights in health, performance, neuroscience, supplements, nutrition, hacking, emotional intelligence, and conscious living. Thank you to our sponsors! KILLSwitch | If you’re ready for the best sleep of your life, order now at https://www.switchsupplements.com/ and use code DAVE for 20% off. BodyGuardz | Visit https://www.bodyguardz.com/ and use code DAVE for 25% off. Stop cooking with toxic cookware and upgrade to Our Place today. With a 100-day risk-free trial, plus free shipping and returns, you can experience this game-changing cookware with zero risk. Visit: fromourplace.com/DAVE Use code: DAVE for 10% off sitewide Establish a powerful foundation for sustained wellness with Pique. Unlock 20% off: piquelife.com/DAVE Dave Asprey is a four-time New York Times bestselling author, founder of Bulletproof Coffee , and the father of biohacking . With over 1,000 interviews and 1 million monthly listeners, The Human Upgrade brings you the knowledge to take control of your biology, extend your longevity, and optimize every system in your body and mind. Each episode delivers cutting-edge insights in health, performance, neuroscience, supplements, nutrition, biohacking, emotional intelligence, and conscious living. New episodes are released every Tuesday, Thursday, Friday, and Sunday (BONUS) . Dave asks the questions no one else will and gives you real tools to become stronger, smarter, and more resilient. Keywords: microglia brain health, brain immune system mitochondria, neuroinflammation podcast, mitochondrial dysfunction brain, david perlmutter podcast, dr david perlmutterneurologist, grain brain author podcast, alzheimers brain metabolism, parkinsons microglia, autism brain inflammation, gut brain immune signaling, short chain fatty acids brain, butyrate propionate brain, glp-1 brain behavior, glp-1 addiction research, red light therapy brain, infrared light mitochondria brain, 40 hz light sound brain, hyperbaric oxygen brain health, lithium microglia brain Resources: • Learn More About Dr. Perlmutter at: https://drperlmutter.com/ • Get My 2026 Biohacking Trends Report: https://daveasprey.com/2026-biohacking-trends-report/ • Join My Low-Oxalate 30-Day Challenge: https://daveasprey.com/2026-low-ox-reset/ • Dave Asprey's Latest News | Go to https://daveasprey.com/ to join Inside Track today. • Danger Coffee: https://dangercoffee.com/discount/dave15 • My Daily Supplements: SuppGrade Labs (15% Off) • Favorite Blue Light Blocking Glasses: TrueDark (15% Off) • Dave Asprey’s BEYOND Conference: https://beyondconference.com • Dave Asprey’s New Book – Heavily Meditated : https://daveasprey.com/heavily-meditated • Upgrade Collective: https://www.ourupgradecollective.com • Upgrade Labs: https://upgradelabs.com Timestamps: 0:00 - Introduction 1:45 - Autism Spectrum 4:38 - Alzheimer’s & Beta Amyloid 7:02 - Brain Immune Cells 8:06 - GLP-1 & Parkinson’s 10:44 - M1 vs M2 Microglia 13:08 - Pharmaceutical Microdosing 15:51 - Gene Therapy 19:09 - Mold & Toxins 21:58 - Environmental Pollution 26:05 - MPTP Discovery 29:07 - Healing Interventions 31:39 - Light & Sound Therapy 36:35 - Mitochondrial Function 44:57 - Inflammation & Prefrontal Cortex 48:00 - GLP-1 Global Impact 52:11 - Mitochondrial Community 56:05 - Consciousness & The Field 1:00:00 - Psychedelics 1:01:59 - Love & Judgment 1:06:35 - Death & Knowing 1:09:06 - Heart-Brain Connection 1:11:06 - Closing Thoughts See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info .
Episode summary
Globally we’re pushing people out of their prefrontal cortex as brain immune cells flip into their hostile mode because their mitochondria are off, and the question is how we guide them back to being protective—tools like rhythmic light and sound can help reset that environment.
Welcome to The Human Upgrade, live in Las Vegas with my friend Dr. David Perlmutter—six‑time New York Times bestselling neurologist and one of the kindest, sharpest minds in brain health; let’s dig into autism, Alzheimer’s, microglia, and everything in between.
Autism’s personal for me, and I’ve written about improving my symptoms; what’s your take on where autism stands today?
It isn’t one thing—it’s a spectrum with many patterns driven by genetics, epigenetics, toxins, microbiome shifts, and gut‑derived metabolites, where a healthier butyrate‑to‑propionate balance often tracks with better language, social ease, and sensory tolerance, so single‑cause thinking misses the picture.
We made the same mistake in Alzheimer’s by chasing amyloid as the cause, which led to drugs approved for clearing plaques rather than improving cognition; the upstream issue is brain immunity and microglial metabolism, which goes awry when their mitochondria fail.
There’s a striking Parkinson’s trial from April 2024 showing a GLP‑1 agonist stabilized disease over eighteen months in a sizeable cohort, likely by restoring microglial energy handling, though I’m not saying everyone with Parkinson’s should take it—this is about targeting metabolism rather than only treating tremor and rigidity.
It echoes what I wrote years ago: when you power up mitochondria and grow connections, everything works better.
Microglia aren’t stuck; they shift between nurturing and destructive states, and better metabolic health nudges them toward the supportive side.
If I want fewer angry microglia and more supportive ones, what actually helps?
Some diabetes drugs like PPAR‑gamma agonists, metformin, perhaps rapamycin, and certainly GLP‑1s can bias that shift by improving mitochondrial function, because the destructive state leans on glycolysis instead of efficient oxidative metabolism.
I once used Actos for a short stint during a mold crash and felt profound clarity and lower inflammation, and I’m open to smart, occasional use of medicines that extend function and healthspan.
I’m all for integrating lifestyle with evidence‑based therapeutics—make the box bigger, keep “do no harm,” and stay curious, even into areas like gene therapy when safety and purpose are clear.
I’ve tried follistatin to tame myostatin and support muscle‑as‑pharmacy, and VEGF to shore up fragile microvasculature after infections and mold; vectors and safety matter, but these tools exist right now.
Muscle makes beneficial myokines like irisin and IL‑6 that drive AMPK and metabolic health, and while myostatin inhibition shows promise, we still weigh human safety; meanwhile, mold susceptibility has host factors, and environmental burdens—from glyphosate to EMF to agricultural practices—can amplify toxicity.
Take Florida’s sugarcane: paraquat use, field burns, and resulting particulates and runoff create air and water insults tied to neurological risk, with communities downwind and downstream carrying the burden.
A famous 1980s case showed a tainted street drug triggering instant Parkinsonism by poisoning mitochondria in a dopamine hub; the deeper revelation was microglia stayed stuck in destructive mode for years, continuing the damage—a pattern we also see in Alzheimer’s and CTE.
So how do we tell microglia to calm down?
Start with the big levers—real food, restorative sleep, movement, nature, and healthy relationships—then track glucose, insulin, inflammation, and consider targeted supports like hyperbaric oxygen, ketogenic strategies, urolithin A, CoQ10, rosmarinic acid, dihydromyricetin, low‑dose nicotine, and lithium orotate; we’re also eyeing the TREM2 pathway, since its loss raises Alzheimer’s risk and obesity can depress it.
Forty‑hertz light and sound can re‑engage gamma rhythms and reorient microglia, as Li‑Huei Tsai’s lab showed—it’s literally using sensory entrainment to guide brain immunity back toward support.
Infrared light flipped my brain on years ago, though I once over‑did a language area and mumbled for hours; lights and lasers still help me, which makes me wonder if they’re modulating microglia, neurons, or just mitochondria.
Photobiomodulation boosts mitochondria and that echoes into immune balance; mitochondria even traffic along microtubules and can be shared, and when those tracks falter—as with certain gene variants—neurodegeneration risk rises, which is why I’ve long framed Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s as acquired mitochondrial disorders.
Inflammation severs the top‑down link from prefrontal cortex to the amygdala, so we default to cravings and short‑term rewards; ultra‑processed diets drive that, and now GLP‑1 drugs are dampening urges broadly, which may already be shifting gambling, impulse buying, and alcohol‑related harm on a massive scale.
I’ve said from the start that low‑dose GLP‑1s look like healthspan tools; is microdosing for healthy people on the table?
We need studies, because your gut gives a tiny, minutes‑long GLP‑1 pulse after fiber, whereas weekly injections bathe receptors for days at levels roughly orders of magnitude higher, and the effects vary by dose, half‑life, and brain access—but remember, inflammatory signals cross into the brain even when drugs don’t.
Mitochondria act like a network, signaling with cytokines, vibration, biophotons, and maybe quantum effects, so changing mitochondria anywhere ripples everywhere—including into the brain.
I’d go further: our mitochondria are in dialogue with each other across people, and recognizing that interconnectedness changes how we think about healing.
The microtubule‑as‑antenna idea suggests mitochondria guide those antennas, which fits a view of consciousness that links biology and the field.
Whether you call it biofield or something else, practices like fasting, breathwork, darkness, or carefully guided psychedelics can open that channel, but safety and medical screening matter—above all, do no harm.
At its core, biohacking is a Trojan horse for longevity and awareness; once you realize you might live longer, you do the inner work so it’s a longer, happier life.
For me it comes back to simple, hard things: love your neighbor and yourself, drop judgment, unwind early programming, and remember happiness span may be the truest metric.
Near death, the body’s field shifts in ways many clinicians quietly recognize, and great healers read those unseen signals; it’s not captured by a purely mechanical model of biology.
I used to tell my wife I could smell Parkinson’s before exams, and traditional healers have always worked with the energy that sits beneath labs and scans; there’s an inherent goodness in life, and getting out of fight‑or‑flight lets us feel it and act like we’re in this together.
What a ride—let’s bring you back to champion microglia and keep teaching the world how to care for them.
On my way up here I simply leaned into the field and glided past security—call it a light‑touch Jedi trick—and I’m still laughing about it.
I once walked through an airport in that same state after deep training with Alberto Villoldo, and it was like the world waved me through; we should print a shirt that says, “I’m not the droid you’re searching for.”
This show is informational only; it isn’t medical advice, so talk with your healthcare provider before acting on anything you heard.