About this episode
In this birth rate debate, we explore: - The cataclysmic impacts of the current birth rates for future generations. - Why so many young women are opting out of motherhood. - What can be done to fix declining birth rates globally. - and much more... Guests: - Lyman Stone is a demographer, researcher, and a writer. - Simone Collins is an author and pronatalist advocate focused on fertility and demographic decline. - Stephen J. Shaw is a data scientist and filmmaker. Sponsors: See discounts for all the products I use and recommend: https://chriswillx.com/deals Get up to $350 off the Eight Sleep Pod 5 at https://eightsleep.com/modernwisdom Get up to 20% off Timeline powered by Mitopure (now at a lower price) at https://timeline.com/modernwisdom Get the brand new Whoop 5.0 and your first month for free at https://join.whoop.com/modernwisdom Get 15% off your first order of my favourite Non-Alcoholic Brew at https://athleticbrewing.com/modernwisdom Get ChatGPT to explore ideas, solve problems, and learn faster at https://chatgpt.com Timestamps: (0:00) Why We Should Be Worried About Birth Rate Decline (5:20) The Shocking Reality of Falling Fertility (8:12) What Happens If the Population Shrinks? (17:40) Is Low Fertility a Threat to the Economy? (25:39) Why Are Birth Rate Debates So Controversial? (38:46) Is Having Kids Too Expensive Now? (51:45) Why People Are Delaying Parenthood (58:41) Would Marrying Younger Fix the Problem? (01:01:45) Do Kids Actually Make You Happier? (01:12:14) Does Age Predict Fertility Levels? (01:18:34) The Hidden Risks of Selection Pressure (01:27:52) How Does Education Impact Birth Rates? (01:35:05) Do Men Want Families More Than Women Now? (01:38:59) Are We Choosing Travel Over Children? (01:45:06) Do You Lose Yourself When You Have Kids? (02:07:20) Should Mothers Get Free Education? (02:10:20) Are Women Being Blamed for Declining Birth Rates? (02:20:51) Why Is Everyone So Offended? (02:29:51) Should Fathers Be Doing More at Home? (02:39:41) Birth Rates vs Climate Change: What Matters More? (02:46:29) Should Governments Pay People to Have Kids? (02:57:48) Are Families Getting Smaller? (03:07:50) Are Tax Policies Punishing the Child-Free? (03:12:51) Is Education the Answer? (03:19:36) The Most Shocking Birth Rate Facts (03:26:47) Does Contraception Actually Affect Birth Rates? (03:34:46) Will This Change Your Mind? Extra Stuff: Get my free reading list of 100 books to read before you die: https://chriswillx.com/books Try my productivity energy drink Neutonic: https://neutonic.com/modernwisdom Episodes You Might Enjoy: #577 - David Goggins - This Is How To Master Your Life: lnkfi.re/SN-Goggins #712 - Dr Jordan Peterson - How To Destroy Your Negative Beliefs: lnkfi.re/SN-Peterson #700 - Dr Andrew Huberman - The Secret Tools To Hack Your Brain: lnkfi.re/SN-Huberman - Get In Touch: Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/chriswillx Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/chriswillx YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/modernwisdompodcast Email: https://chriswillx.com/contact - Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Episode summary
Why should anyone trust you on falling fertility and its stakes?
None of us set out to study low fertility, but we each hit the same wall from different fields and realized it shapes everything else; I even point people to a film on the decline because it lands the story better than charts.
We’re long‑horizon altruists who care about humanity a century from now, and demographic collapse threatens that future while hitting everyone today through strained systems like social security.
I left commercial data science after seeing in 2016 that birth decline was global and synchronized, and I’ve spent a decade mapping the structural dynamics that different countries share.
We’re not traditional demographers; we backed into this because if people stop having kids, the things we love—communities, economies, even ideas—fade.
Global fertility is projected to drift toward around 1.8 by mid‑century and near 1.6 by 2100, with the U.S. hitting a record low and childlessness at 30 now common in the U.K.
Those tidy figures hide brutal dynamics; at rates near the U.S. and Europe today, births tend to halve every few decades, which compounds into smaller cohorts again and again.
Set aside feelings—what actually happens to a society with fewer people next generation than now?
Places built for more people hollow out like Detroit did, while a few magnet cities keep pulling in the young and leave rural areas to decay.
Below replacement, small fertility gaps snowball into big differences in military‑age populations, which helps explain the surge in interstate conflict as countries feel a now‑or‑never window.
Our pay‑as‑you‑go systems are set up like a chain of promises, so when the base shrinks you get hospital closures, pension‑crowded budgets, and fewer police and firefighters.
You can already buy abandoned towns where tax bases vanished, while pensions eat school budgets and older owners lobby out of paying for schools that hold communities together.
Decline does not just halve every town; small places die off while primate cities are the last to dim.
That’s Japan today—Tokyo still draws youth while the countryside ages out.
It is population triage: planners and builders migrate to the few metros that still look viable, which raises costs and depresses fertility further.
Spell out why a shrinking, aging base drags the economy.
Growth feeds demand and funds entitlements, but we built benefits on current workers paying current retirees, which breaks when the pyramid inverts.
The bigger loss is innovation, because more educated people in capital‑rich societies means more breakthroughs and more customers willing to adopt them, and both fade as cohorts shrink and age.
Debts do not care about birth rates, so fewer taxpayers must service the same obligations while bond markets charge more, starving public investment.
Why does talking about birth decline online get you labeled misogynist or worse?
People sense a real tension between gender equality and higher birth rates, and while sexist settings often do have more births, we can still imagine a pro‑natal feminism—most just have not tried to build it yet.
It’s obvious what women give up now and foggy what society pays later, so many choose present freedom and hope future costs land on someone else.
Some also fear ideological outbreeding, worry zealots will set the rules, and decide not to bring kids into that future.
Fertility is diverging by ideology, with conservatives holding steady and liberals sliding, which raises cultural hand‑wringing.
Ninety percent either have or want kids, but the left has struggled to square its values with a family‑positive story, and I back a pan‑natalist stance that supports the choices people actually want.
I’m not trying to recruit the unwilling; if a culture opts out of family, it won’t inherit the future, and I’m focused on building for those who opt in.
To me, being pro‑natal means doing practical things that help people who want kids actually have them, not coercion.
I get the fatigue, but writing off half the country leaves millions who want kids stuck in an ideology that won’t help them do it.
Market shifts will pull many women homeward as AI eats office work, and family enterprises can again be meaningful, productive paths.
We do not know exactly which jobs AI replaces first, but soft skills and real‑world presence still matter when tech flattens hard skills.
Online, people say kids are unaffordable—housing, childcare, stagnant wages—so is money the blocker?
Costs bite, yet in places like Tokyo people point more to work‑life strain and dating gaps than to mortgages, and many who cite money also lack a partner.
Costs are real but not the root cause everywhere; culture raises the parenting standard—think fresh blueberries over fruit cups—and the price tag follows the norm.
Fertility actually rises with household income, and status ratchets expectations upward each generation, which makes the bundle of family life pricier.
Since the industrial shift, we outsourced what families once did, added legal and social rules that make affordable parenting hard, and now only tight subcultures pull off high fertility within the law.
The bigger driver is more people having none at all, not seven, and legal limits like no more latchkey kids raise the bar for what a normal family must provide.
Housing codes often cap room occupancy or restrict siblings sharing rooms, and those rules snap into place the moment a caseworker knocks.
A core problem is bad timing information; by the U.S. late twenties, it is already a coin flip whether a woman ever becomes a mother at current rates.
What else about timing matters right now?
People couple later, fertility knowledge is poor, IVF is overestimated, and men’s earnings peak closer to 47, which makes early bets on a partner feel riskier and pushes everyone to wait.
Waiting can win a higher‑value partner but at the cost of a rising chance of never having kids.
Marry by the mid‑twenties and you usually hit your stated family goal; delay and you run out of runway, and you also spend fewer healthy years with your kids and grandkids.
Wanted births and durable marriages lift well‑being in longitudinal data, while unintended births and breakups drag it down.
Hedonic dips in the diaper years are real, especially for moms without support, but meaning rises over time and matters more.
We’re back to practical fixes—revive community matchmaking, build venues where serious people meet, and plan for a long emergency rather than debating whether it exists.
The worst mortality from aging without support will hit poorer countries with thin safety nets like Thailand and, down the line, India and parts of Africa.
About ten percent never want kids and thrive, but averaging them with the majority who do want kids hides the pain of involuntary childlessness.
Most childless women at menopause say they wanted kids, so like sleep or smoking guidance, we owe people clear info and support to reach the lives they prefer.
Even if larger families return, we must still address the many who end up childless despite wanting otherwise.
You can choose an unconventional path and do it solo or on a shoestring, though I get that many want a specific family shape, not just any route to a birth.
My vitality curve shows motherhood ages form a bell curve that has stretched and shifted later, and from that shape alone you can predict how many will ever become parents.
Think of it like a dance floor where people no longer want to leave at the same time, which makes syncing up for family formation much harder despite strong effort.
Longitudinal studies show people who meet their early‑life family goals report fewer depressive symptoms, while missing the mark—especially by having fewer than hoped—correlates with more distress; even IVF delays raise psychiatric medication rates.
Numeric preferences for family size matter even if they’re hard to measure; intensity varies, but it still reflects real psychology.
I’m not sure we want selection pushing us toward a civilization of pure agency maxers.
Traits linked to the autism spectrum tend to correlate with lower fertility, which complicates that selection story.
We’re in a new world and can’t go back; those who can’t plan and adapt won’t shape the future, as unfair as that is.
Our pronatal focus is avoiding a future monoculture; we want a diverse “Noah’s Ark,” not just one subculture surviving rapid shocks.
South Korea saw marriage tick up after big incentives; the math says huge baby bonuses can move births, even if the bill is eye‑watering.
Money helps at the margin, but it can’t fix deep cultural headwinds, and overspending could worsen the long‑run fiscal pinch.
Age structure explains most birth‑rate differences; unless policy pulls births earlier, it likely fails, and South Korean women now start families around age thirty‑three, which drives more one‑child outcomes.
Stop infantilizing people; make teens work‑ready, deemphasize university, and shift real skills back into high school.
Is female education causally suppressing fertility, or is that mostly a myth?
Curtailing higher education in places like Iran did not reverse the drop, so it is not a simple lever.
More primary schooling clearly boosts agency; expansion of tertiary education does not show strong causal fertility declines in credible studies.
It is mainly culture and coupling; you have to opt out of mainstream scripts to build a family that works.
AI even juiced the tradwife aesthetic online, while the real traditional families are offline and invisible.
Under the headline numbers, the decline is in first births; total children per mother stays near two while the share who ever become mothers slides.
If today’s patterns persist, roughly six in ten fifteen‑year‑old girls in the U.S. will become mothers and four in ten will not.
Fixing dating markets is hard, but making kids attainable nudges marriages too; family policy can back‑door into better pairing.
Women hear constant anti‑marriage messaging, while men are told excitement ends at the altar; yet young men often still rank marriage and kids high.
Small‑f feminist norms have sold marriage as unsafe and identity‑erasing, with overstated danger stats that fuel fear.
Hyper‑individualist culture tells women they’ll lose themselves in family life and offers no admired model of maternal midlife.
Social platforms reward youth, freedom, and status; if your belonging is mediated online, motherhood’s tradeoffs feel heavily penalized.
There’s no market for aging well in family life; the economy monetizes youth, while investing in home and kin remains invisible.
Travel has become a core identity project for many young women, and surveys show “I still want to travel” as a common reason to delay kids, even though family travel can be joyful if pricier and less spontaneous.
We’ve been told extra kids kill travel, but chasing perfect trips often feels hollow compared to raising a generation.
Low‑cost fixes could make travel family‑friendly—guaranteed seating together, smoother boarding, better play spaces in terminals.
A new anxiety sits at the core: I do not want to become “just a mother” and lose the self I built.
I changed my mind when my partner promised he’d step back first so I could keep my identity; earlier eras made motherhood the pinnacle, but I saw my own mom’s self fade in caregiving, and we have to repair that.
We’ve formalized anti‑natal life sequencing; as a divorced dad flying solo with three kids, I told a complainer on a plane, who do you think will fund your pension?
A crying baby on a plane is the sound of a healthy society, even if it costs some sleep.
Calling someone “just a mom” misses that a modern home is a complex enterprise; my wife runs finances, educates, leads co‑ops, anchors our church, and is literally building future citizens.
A friend who left Big Tech to be a stay‑at‑home mom was treated as lesser by working moms, which is wild because devaluing motherhood in favor of male‑coded work is the real misogyny.
It is systemic invisibility more than malice; we value what is measured, and unpaid family, community care, and home economics no longer count in our status games.
Elder care shows the gap; unpaid caregivers quietly prop up the social contract while program dollars leak to fraud.
If two moms paid each other to watch kids, GDP and status go up; if they each watch their own, same output but no prestige—until you incorporate and claim a tax credit.
Group‑based childcare swaps can be structured legally; communities and churches could stand these up and reclaim value that markets ignore.
Most people want smaller families and a real career, so we’ve got to redesign education and work so parenthood can run in parallel, not in conflict. Age drives childlessness, divorce risk is a real consideration, and we need pathways that make earlier parenting workable.
Women have always worked; the mid‑century leisure mom was a TV‑era blip, not tradition. Pronatalism can start at home by mentoring kids early and building a family culture that makes starting sooner feel normal and supported.
Remote work raised fertility, but the big unlock is a real off‑ramp: let parents step back for a few years with a guaranteed reentry at a comparable level. Most moms of infants want limited hours, and maternity leave alone doesn’t fix the reentry penalty.
Mothers of young kids are elite operators in time and conflict management, and employers should proudly show how many staff become parents. Make it a visible signal, like ESG stats or board diversity.
Some firms already bonus births and recruit for family plans; more will follow if it helps retention. School years are a great time for kids thanks to flexible schedules and campus childcare, and I’d love a GI‑style bill that funds moms returning to school.
A German med student I met had a child young after seeing older doctors end up childless; she thrived by co‑housing with other young families. If parenting keeps shifting later, I don’t think nations withstand the long‑run demographic hit.
Talking birth rates without honoring women’s costs sounds callous, especially around identity, body changes, and divorce risk; that’s on me to thread carefully. A lot of online pushback comes from singles doing hypothetical math, but coupling is the real bottleneck.
Fatalistic math can scare people off serious dating, which then becomes a self‑fulfilling blocker on family formation.
Many youths discount early partners because marrying at twenty is off‑norm, even if the match is great.
Plenty who champion being child‑free feel torn; I did until I met my husband, and norms still punish women who openly want kids.
Housework resentment often comes from different standards, not fake incompetence, and some “fairness” games just seed contempt. If you want hotel‑level sheets and doilies, you’ll likely do more tidying than a partner who’s fine leaving the sock on the floor.
Men’s share of chores and childcare is at record highs, yet fertility fell, so shuffling tasks inside couples isn’t the lever. Preference gaps are real—single women already do far more housework—and what moves births is broader support like alloparenting, community help, and benefits.
We track mothers because hospital records make that easy, while paternity data have gaps; where we have it, fathers’ timing curve just lags moms slightly. Men are in the same age race; they just think they aren’t.
Tech like artificial wombs could shift burdens in time, but doomsaying around pregnancy makes outcomes feel worse. Acknowledge risk, yes, but expectation can magnify pain.
Medicine is advancing fast—there’s a potential morning sickness cure in trials—and modern pregnancy doesn’t raise mortality causally when you control properly. It feels scarier because the rest of life got so safe, and that contrast is jarring.
On policy math, life‑years added by pronatal cash look competitive with programs we’d never dare cut, which makes the “too expensive” line feel shaky.
The risks are real—I nearly lost my ex‑wife in childbirth—and people should learn about cascading C‑section risks. That said, your viral moment made childlessness discussable; politicians now engage a topic once ignored.
Fury can be the first pass; once emotions cool, people often find the uncomfortable kernel that threatened their worldview. Offense means the idea actually landed.
The saddest thing is women shaming women over wanting kids or not, and euphemisms don’t help; better to talk plainly than hide behind awkward labels.
Isn’t lower fertility good for the climate? I hear that a lot.
Climate swings are a recurring feature of Earth; like demographics, you plan around them rather than pretending you can halt them.
The old impact‑equals‑population idea is accounting, not destiny; countries that crushed population growth often industrialized faster and raised emissions anyway. Tech and governance drive decarbonization, and larger populations invent more, so a green future can be high‑population.
AI might solve problems, but it concentrates wealth, which jars with the politics of many who lean on it as the fix.
People were schooled on “population explosion,” but births peaked around two thousand thirteen, so the crisis flipped; it’s like deflecting a meteor and then still debating the hit.
Okay, so what are the concrete fixes beyond “have more sex” and Simone’s spaceship joke?
We could spend several percent of GDP to buy back to replacement via baby bonuses or smarter tax designs, or seed funds that pay out at marriage or first birth. Politics is hard, but the math says it’s doable.
Didn’t you say cost of living isn’t the cause?
It isn’t the root, but money is like glasses for bad genes—it still helps; giant checks may be blunt, so start by scrapping marriage penalties and welfare cliffs that punish couples, especially when incomes are similar.
Start by scrapping marriage penalties. That was South Korea’s big move alongside modest benefits, and marriage turned up for the first time in decades; pair it with more housing, and shorter, smarter education timelines.
When you only build tiny studios, you make family life a nonstarter. No couple says, let’s raise a baby in a shoebox.
Cities often cap occupants, so a larger family just gets screened out. Finding a home that will even take you can be brutal.
I’m wary of big spending claims. Hungary’s headline number was padded; even where money went in, I do not see returns that match the scale.
Face value accounting inflated Hungary’s figure, and East Asia spends around one percent, which is far below rich-country norms.
Incentives mostly reshuffle timing. Sweden’s rollercoaster showed a bump, then a slump, because people who were going to have kids anyway just sped up.
Sweden still netted a real rise of about a third of a child above a solid control, but yes, it was not enough alone, and total spending stayed modest.
More government outlays without births just deepens the fiscal hole. You cannot pay pensions with vibes, and inflation risk is real; culture will decide this more than cash.
There is no clean link from public spending to demographic collapse, and transformative AI could juice growth, but I agree cash-only is foolish; you still need some money in a welfare state plus fixes like care credits.
Cut the red tape first. Stop laundering care through weak intermediaries; family care is higher quality and cheaper, and communities that value children will ride out state failures.
We also have to help people start younger, not only push for five or six kids.
I’m for anything that makes earlier parenthood doable and the transition kinder.
Family-size patterns barely budge across crises. I do not see societies snapping back to big-family norms.
I am not chasing a universal five-kid norm. As low-fertility cultures fade, high-fertility, technophilic subcultures will shape the future; Israel is instructive for that frontier mindset.
Israel still wrestles with Haredi conscription, so long-run tech alignment is not guaranteed. The Lestadians are a cleaner case: educated, integrated, many children, though they do lose a chunk of kids to mainstream life.
Pronatalism wins by love. Give kids great lives, and they will want to pass that on; it is optimistic and fun, not hair-shirt sacrifice.
Whatever we try, measure it by whether it nudges first births earlier.
Money moves first births most. Later births come from values and momentum; people already on kid three or four are not swayed by a small check.
Our first baby was the hardest jump; that early experience was the tipping point, and community beat cash by a mile.
Community returns dwarf cash, but it is hard to grow; a clear benefit can still calm a nervous twenty‑something on the edge of saying yes.
Status matters. Make family and motherhood high status again.
I floated a motherhood medal and got smeared for it, which says a lot about our culture.
Medals show little measured effect, but reframing helps; even renaming a benefit changes how families use it. Georgia’s Orthodox patriarch personally baptizing third-plus children coincided with a clear rise.
Flip pop culture levers. If K-pop once prized celibacy, imagine requiring stars to already have a child.
Japan’s overflowing pronatal anime probably helps a little, even if the birth rate is still painfully low.
Motherhood already feels aspirational and out of reach to many. Messaging that highlights joy and makes the path tangible can lower that wall.
A lot of people have never even held a baby, so it all feels abstract.
I watched a friend hold his newborn niece and suddenly understand why people fight to protect family. That contact flips a switch.
Fertility is socially contagious. Babysitting your nieces or nephews is a fantastic third date filter, and most people still live relatively close to parents even if it does not feel that way in elite circles.
So give us the playbook. What would you actually do?
Fix pair-bonding and start lines earlier. Most people want kids, but they misread the clock; tell them straight that waiting into the thirties slashes the odds.
Information shocks work in trials, and compressing schooling helps; Quebec hits milestones six to eighteen months sooner with a shorter track and has higher fertility alongside strong attainment.
The dating market still rewards waiting, though.
If you think the finish line is age forty but learn it is closer to early thirties, behavior changes.
Big early-life supports can offset the earnings gradient. A meaningful nest egg for a first baby at twenty‑three reframes risk for a couple.
Billboards are free. What do we put on them?
Show two lines: women’s monthly conception odds falling with age, and men’s new sperm mutations rising with age. It is both of their clocks.
Or keep it simple: the chance of becoming a mother at thirty is X, and it halves by this age.
In one trial, a basic fertility seminar doubled births among already‑married couples over the next two years; evidence is early, but it is promising.
When I screened my film in living rooms, the conversation hijacked the night. People wanted to figure out how to reach their own family goals, across ideologies.
Just remember, the shut‑ins will not show up to those nights, but moving any willing subgroup still matters.
People also overrate IVF. For recurrent miscarriage, my wife and I finally tried enoxaparin on our research OB’s advice and then had three healthy pregnancies; making proven miscarriage care standard could add thousands of babies a year, but we are oddly timid about treating pregnancy.
Why don’t we talk more about how birth control shapes this whole picture, and why are clinicians so hesitant to engage with it?
Low fertility showed up a century ago, and the big gap with groups like the Amish is mostly marriage rates, not contraception; demand drove the invention of the pill, while we’ve under-taught miscarriage realities and over-focused research on IVF instead of common conditions that block healthy pregnancies.
There’s a widespread belief you can’t have more than three births after a C-section, but many women safely go beyond that; for a lot of cases the risks are manageable.
Both VBAC and repeat C-section risks can be estimated, yet doctors often default to caution, and meds like GLP-1s can bump pregnancies by affecting hormonal contraception and by improving health as people lose weight.
These are edge fixes; without making it easier to form committed pairs earlier, we won’t shift the long-term trend.
Communities that actually support early family formation will shape the future, and I’m not forcing anyone, but pronatalist cultures will outgrow the rest.
We’re not telling anyone to breed; we want a jolt of clear info so fewer people wake up later wishing they’d started a family sooner.
Headline stat: regrets about having too few kids outnumber regrets about too many by about ten times, so most people who feel any regret wish they had more; waiting for peak desirability can backfire, so choose the real partner who sees your value and be ready to commit when you’re mostly sure.
What should those first-date hard talks actually cover?
Align early on how many kids you want, what divorce means to you, how you’ll raise and discipline children, your faith expectations, and even sexual compatibility, so you don’t invest months only to hit a deal-breaker.
Well-being often rises once you decide to marry; engagement seems to lift happiness because commitment is secured, like fixing a decent rate instead of chasing perfect forever.
I constantly hear from thirty-somethings who had it all mapped out until a breakup reset the clock, like a woman at thirty-four who said she just wants a family now; in places like the U.S. and Japan, the chance of ever becoming a mother can fall below half once you pass the late twenties, and children aren’t a consumer good—they’re a deep want.
If travel and games no longer hit, question the script; therapy helps, but sometimes you need a different life, and for me kids pulled me out of my head, gave me purpose, and burned off a lot of self-absorption.
With anxiety and low mood everywhere, ask yourself, how’s your current plan really working, and on that note, thanks for an honest roundtable—I’m ready for the spicy comments, and I’m proud this was the longest run in the new studio.